翻譯——核心語法

　　1.各種從句的用法

　　從句的用法在前文已有詳細(xì)講解，這里就不再贅述。下面通過總結(jié)歸納來進(jìn)一步探討歷年四級(jí)翻譯對(duì)各類從句的考查情況。

　　(1)主語從句

　　真題：__________(很多人沒有意識(shí)到的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2009.6)

　　答案：What many people don’t realize

　　(2)賓語從句

　　真題：Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life__________(是用他們能夠借到多少來衡量的), not how much they can earn.(2007.12)

　　答案：is measured by how much they can loan

　　(3)表語從句

　　真題：In my sixties, one change I notice is that__________(我比以前更容易累了).(2007.12)

　　答案：I am more likely to get tired than before

　　(4)定語從句

　　真題：Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems__________(他們至今還沒有答案)(2008.12)

　　答案：(that/which)they haven’t found solution to或to which they haven’t found solution

　　真題：__________(與我成長(zhǎng)的地方相比), this town is more prosperous and exciting.(2008.6)

　　答案：Compared with the place where I grew up

　　真題：The prevention and treatment of AIDS is __________(我們可以合作的領(lǐng)域).(2007.6)

　　答案：the field where(in which)we can cooperate

　　(5)狀語從句

　　真題：Leaving one’s job, __________(不管是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring.(2008.6)

　　答案：whatever it is(讓步狀語從句)

　　真題：I am going to pursue this course, __________(無論我要作出什么樣的犧牲).(2007.12)

　　答案：no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make(讓步狀語從句)

　　真題：Some psychologists claim that people __________(出門在外時(shí)可能會(huì)感到孤獨(dú))(2006.12)

　　答案：may feel lonely when they are away from home(時(shí)間狀語從句)

　　【真題】__________(大多數(shù)父母所關(guān)心的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2008.12)

　　【解析】本題考查對(duì)主語從句的掌握。漢語中“所關(guān)心的”實(shí)際上是指“所關(guān)心的事情”，用英語表達(dá)則使用what引導(dǎo)的從句。What在主語從句中作介詞的賓語�！瓣P(guān)心”可以用be concerned about表達(dá)。

　　【答案】What most parents are concerned about

　　注：從句的用法參見完形填空部分對(duì)從句的講解。

　　2.虛擬語氣

　　歷年真題中涉及到虛擬語氣的考點(diǎn)可以歸納如下：

　　(1)(should)+動(dòng)詞原形的情形;

　　(2)if或but for等引導(dǎo)的條件句;

　　(3)wish, if only, would rather, It is(high)time that…的用法。

　　【真題】You would not have failed if__________(按照我的指令去做).(2009.12)

　　【答案】you had followed my instructions 或者you had followed my orders

　　【解析】本題較為容易，按照漢語意思直譯�？键c(diǎn)有兩個(gè)：首先最重要的考點(diǎn)是if從句的虛擬語氣考查;根據(jù)語法規(guī)定，如果主句中出現(xiàn)would +have的形式，從句中應(yīng)該采用had+過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu);第二是固定搭配“按照…的指令”表達(dá)為follow my instructions 或者是follow my orders 注意多樣化的表達(dá)，兩者選其一就可以;注意很多學(xué)生出現(xiàn)遺漏主語you，造成不必要的失分。

　　【真題】The victim __________(本來會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)活下來)if he had been taken to hospital in time.(2006.12)

　　【解析】本句考查對(duì)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句的虛擬語氣的掌握。在與過去事實(shí)相反的條件下，if引導(dǎo)的條件句時(shí)態(tài)是過去完成時(shí)態(tài)，主句謂語一般使用would have done。

　　【答案】would have had a chance to survive/would have had a chance of survival

　　注：虛擬語氣用法參見完形填空填空部分對(duì)虛擬語氣的講解。

　　3.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

　　倒裝分完全倒裝與部分倒裝兩種類型，重點(diǎn)是部分倒裝，即只有系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞參與的倒裝。常見的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為四大類：

　　(1)否定倒裝。指否定副詞或否定的副詞性結(jié)構(gòu)hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once, under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner…than，not only…but also用于句首時(shí)所導(dǎo)致的倒裝。

　　Seldom did I go to theater, but now it is different.

　　以前我很少去劇院，但是現(xiàn)在不同了。

　　(2)虛擬倒裝。指在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中，將if省略，把should, had, were提至主語前，形成倒裝。

　　Were I you, I’ll never promise to do that.

　　如果我是你，絕對(duì)不會(huì)答應(yīng)那么做的。

　　(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)倒裝。為突出強(qiáng)調(diào)某一成分而將它提至句首時(shí)，實(shí)行倒裝，如：

　　A.so 倒裝句

　　So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.

　　他工作如此勤奮以至于經(jīng)常廢寢忘食。

　　B.以某些表示肯定的副詞開頭作狀語：only, often, then

　　Then did I throw myself into the chair, exhausted.

　　然后我一屁股坐在椅子上，累死了。

　　Only by working hard can we achieve what we want.

　　我們只有通過努力工作才能獲得想要的東西。

　　(4)在“so+形容詞…that分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，如將“so+形容詞”置于句首以示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其后的系動(dòng)詞be則要移到主語前面，形成主謂的完全倒裝。

　　So moved was she that she could not say a word.

　　她感動(dòng)得說不出話來。

　　【真題】Not only__________(他向我收費(fèi)過高)，but he didn’t do a good repair job either.(2006.6新)

　　【解析】本題考查對(duì)倒裝的掌握。解答此題需要考慮兩個(gè)層次，首先是動(dòng)詞“收費(fèi)”的對(duì)應(yīng)詞，應(yīng)當(dāng)譯為“charge”。收費(fèi)“過高”往往使用too much,更加巧妙的用詞overcharge就可以表示“收費(fèi)過高”。其次，not only…but…結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)了否定詞前置到句首的現(xiàn)象，這是倒裝的標(biāo)志。結(jié)合后半句的一般過去時(shí)形式，我們要把助動(dòng)詞did提出來，按照倒裝形式譯為did he overcharge me/did he charge me too much。

　　【答案】did he overcharge me/did he charge me too much