2． 概括段落大意層

3． 深入剖析文章層

4． 摘錄背誦佳句層

5． 換位思考命題層

       現(xiàn)在以歷年真題為例說明如何實施上述的五層遞進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容”對應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的1與2，“核心詞匯”、“難句分析”與“參考譯文”對應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的3，“佳句摘錄”對應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的4，而“試題詳解”對應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的5。關(guān)于“五層遞進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)法”的具體內(nèi)容，請閱讀本人博客中的同名文章。 

Passage 1

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.

The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

 1. In Line 7, Para. 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means .

［A］ Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

［B］ Americans tend to overstate their incomes

［C］ Americans want to have their incomes increased

［D］ Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .

［A］ producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

［B］ consumers can express their demands through producers

［C］ producers decide the prices of products

［D］ supply and demand regulate prices

3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by .

［A］ private property and rights concerned

［B］ manpower and natural resources control

［C］ ownership of productive resources

［D］ free contracts and prices

4. The passage is mainly about .

［A］ how American goods are produced

［B］ how American consumers buy their goods

［C］ how American economic system works

［D］ how American businessmen make their profits

文章結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容

文章結(jié)構(gòu)：花開兩朵型。作者在文章開始提出兩個核心概念：private-enterprise（私人企業(yè)）和market-oriented （以市場為導(dǎo)向的），隨后分段論述。這種文章的重點是兩個概念的定義，以及它們之間的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。本文介紹了美國經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的主要特點：以市場為導(dǎo)向（其中供求關(guān)系決定價格），以私人企業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)（其中私有財產(chǎn)包含生產(chǎn)資料和某些權(quán)利）。 

核心詞匯（標(biāo)記*下的詞匯為課文后的問題與選項中的詞匯，其他課文同此）

1. private-enterprise 私人企業(yè)

2. market-oriented 以市場為導(dǎo)向的（orient 以…為方向（或目的），重視；為…定位（或方向））

3. strive 爭取，奮斗

4. under pressure 面臨壓力，在壓力之下

5. motive目的，動機(jī)（同根詞motivate驅(qū)使---mot運動）

6. coupled with 與…相結(jié)合（=combined with。couple 結(jié)合，連接）

7. maximize 使…最大化（maximum 最大的；n. 最大值）

8. determine 決定，確定；決心

9. factor 因素，要素（同義詞element）

10. resources 資源，財力；應(yīng)付辦法，謀略

11. mechanism 機(jī)制，機(jī)理；方法

12. respond to對…作出反應(yīng)（文中的be resonded to是被動形式）

13. in response to 作為對…的反應(yīng)

14. in short supply 供應(yīng)不足（in ample supply供應(yīng)充足）

15. relative to 與…相比；有關(guān)，按照…比例（relative 相對的，比較的； n. 親戚）

16. bid up抬高（價格）（bid 報價，投標(biāo)；命令；n. 出價，投標(biāo)）

17. eliminate 淘汰，使出局（名詞elimination）

18. commodity 商品（commerce商業(yè)）

19. result in 導(dǎo)致（=give rise to）

20. regulate 調(diào)節(jié)，管制（形容詞regulatory）

21. property 財產(chǎn)，資產(chǎn)；性質(zhì)，特性

22. gain control over 取得對…的控制

23. for sale （用于）出售

24. at a profit 贏利的（at a loss虧損的）

25. embrace 包括；接受，信奉；擁抱（= em（進(jìn)入）+brace（手臂），本義是“擁抱”，引申為“包括”等意思）

26. ownership 所有（權(quán)），所有制

*           *             *

27. overstate 把…講得過分，夸大（名詞overstatement。state說明，陳述）

28. purchase 購買

29. be characterized by 特征是，以…為特征（characterize以…為特征，描繪…的特性，用法與之類似的詞有mark，如be marked by的意思也是“以…為特征”） 

研究生入學(xué)考試歷年真題匯總表

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