Winning ways

　　Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular game. Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front. They are the undisputed champions in draughts and Othello. They are generally stronger in backgammon. They are steadily gaining ground in Scrabble, poker and bridge. And they are even doing pretty well at crossword puzzles. There is one game, however, where humans still reign supreme: Go. Yet here too their grip is beginning to loosen.

　　Go is a strategic contest. Each player tries to stake out territory and surround his opponent. The rules are simple but the play is extraordinarily complex. During a game, some stones will “die”, and some will appear to be dead but spring back to life at an inopportune moment. It is often difficult to say who is winning right until the end.

　　Deep Blue and its successors beat Mr Kasparov using the “brute force” technique.

　　Unfortunately, brute force will not work in Go. First, the game has many more possible positions than chess does. Second, the number of possible moves from a typical position in Go is about 200, compared with about a dozen in chess. Finally, evaluating a Go position is fiendishly difficult. The fastest programs can assess just 50 positions a second, compared with 500,000 in chess. Clearly, some sort of finesse is required.

　　In the past two decades researchers have explored several alternative strategies. Now, however, programmers are making impressive gains with a technique known as the Monte Carlo method. Given a position, a program using a Monte Carlo algorithm contemplates every move and plays a large number of random games to see what happens. If it wins in 80% of those games, the move is probably good. Otherwise, it keeps looking.

　　This may sound like a lot of effort but generating random games is the sort of thing computers excel at. In fact, Monte Carlo techniques are much faster than brute force. Moreover, two Hungarian computer scientists have recently added an elegant twist that allows the algorithm to focus on the most promising moves without sacrificing speed.

　　The result is a new generation of fast programs that play particularly well on small versions of the Go board. In the past few months Monte Carlo-based programs have dominated computer tournaments on nine��-and 13�瞝ine grids. MoGo, a program developed by researchers from the University of Paris, has even beaten a couple of strong human players on the smaller of these boards—unthinkable a year ago. It is ranked 2,323rd in the world and in Europe’s top 300. Although MoGo is still some way from competing on the full�瞫ize Go grid, humanity may ultimately have to accept defeat on yet another front.

　　考研詞匯：

　　stun[stʌn]

　　vt.使暈倒，使驚嚇，打暈;n.暈眩，打昏，驚倒

　　dominate[ˈdɔmineit]

　　v.①支配，統(tǒng)治，控制;②占優(yōu)勢

　　[真題例句]The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male�瞕ominated (①) job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan�餾 rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[2000年閱讀4]

　　[例句精譯] 戰(zhàn)后嬰兒出生高峰期的到來及婦女進入男性為主的就業(yè)市場，限制了青少年的發(fā)展機遇，這些青少年已經開始質疑在進好學校、找好工作、攀登日本等級森嚴的社會階梯的過程中所做出的巨大的個人犧牲是否值得。