分詞

　　1. 構(gòu)成與形式

　　分詞有兩種形式，即現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)和過(guò)去分詞(past participle)。除不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞外，現(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成;過(guò)去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。兩者的區(qū)別主要是：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義，或已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。如：

　　burning forest 燃燒著的森林(主動(dòng)，即森林自己在燃燒)

　　burned skin 燒傷了的皮膚(被動(dòng)，即皮膚被火燒傷)

　　developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家(正在進(jìn)行，這個(gè)國(guó)家正在發(fā)展)

　　developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家(完成，這些國(guó)家已經(jīng)得到了發(fā)展)

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的形式有：

　　過(guò)去分詞因?yàn)楸旧砭捅硎颈粍?dòng)與完成的意義，所以只有一種形式done。

　　2. 用法

　　分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

　　1)作定語(yǔ)

　　Tell the boy playing there not to make so much noise.

　　We can only see the part of the moon lighted by the sunlight.

　　2)作表語(yǔ)

　　The story of his life sounds interesting.

　　He appeared satisfied with our performance.

　　3) 作狀語(yǔ)

　　Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

　　Given better attention, the trees could grow better.

　　4) 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

　　The machine will be kept running for two days.

　　Our views have to be made known to them all.

　　5) 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

　　I heard someone knocking at the door.

　　You should keep her informed of what is going on here.

　　比較：see, feel, hear, watch, notice等動(dòng)詞后既可接不帶to的不定式也可以接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，但二者在意義上是不同的�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，即非全過(guò)程;不定式表示動(dòng)作的完成，即全過(guò)程。如：

　　She saw the man getting on the truck.(正在往車(chē)上爬)

　　She saw the man get on the truck and drive off.(已經(jīng)爬上了車(chē))

　　3. 現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　1)完成式

　　Having done his homework, the boy began to watch TV.

　　Not having met him, I can’t tell you what he is like.

　　2) 被動(dòng)式

　　The house being built is a big project.

　　3) 完成被動(dòng)式

　　Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up?

　　Having been told that some guests were coming, she shopped all morning in that supermarket.

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