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　　FAMILY

　　When Guilt Is Good

　　In a world that is growing more divided and atomized, it may be guilt-not empathy- that can bring people together.

　　LIBBY COPELAND

　　APRIL 2018 ISSUE

　　A FEW YEARS AGO, researchers in Germany set out to plumb the moral consciences of small children. They invited a series of 2-and 3-year olds to play with a marble track in a lab.

　　Close to the track—inauspiciously close—was a block tower that one of the adult experimenters claimed to have painstakingly constructed. Just before turning her back, she asked them not to damage it

　　Needless to say, the game was rigged. After a few runs, a marble would knock over part of the tower, at which point the experimenter responded with what the resulting journal article described as a "mildly sad" tone. "Oh no," she would say, then ask what had happened.

　　In some versions of the experiment, the child seemed to be to blame; in others, an adult who was helping with the experiment toppled the tower. The kids' reactions revealed a lot about how social-emotional development progresses during these key years. While many of the 2-year-olds seemed sympathetic to the researcher's plight, the 3-year-olds went beyond sympathy. When they believed that they'd caused the accident, they were more likely than the 2-year-olds to express regret and try to fix the tower. In other words, the 3-year-olds behavior varied depending on whether they felt responsible.

　　Their actions, according to Amrisha Vaish, the University of Virginia psychology researcher who led the study, demonstrate the beginnings of real guilt and real conscience." Vaish is one of a number of scholars studying how, when, and why guilt emerges in children. Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren't born knowing how to say "I' m sorry"; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends--and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior that's not only reparative but also prosocial.

　　In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud's ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable, it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this understanding is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," Vaish says, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary- feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can be destructive.

　　And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.

　　Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

　　In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, they rated each child s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like. guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt- prone ones shared more, even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic to the other child s deprivation.

　　"That's good news," Malti says. "We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity, or because we caused harm and we feel regret."

　　Malti describes guilt as a self- directed emotion, elicited when you act in a way that's out of keeping with your conscience. Sympathy and empathy are other-directed. A child who isn't inclined to feel bad for a classmate whose toy car she stole might nevertheless feel uncomfortable with the idea of herself as a thief-and return the toy. Guilt can include sympathy, Malti says, but it doesn't have to. She's agnostic about which of the two paths children take, so long as they treat one another well.

　　This is a provocative idea at a moment when parents and educators have come to almost fetishize empathy-when a child's ability to put herself in another's shoes seems like the apex of goodness. Parents encourage children to consider how their peers feel when they don't share their toys, Preschool teachers instruct students to consider one another “friends“, implying that good behavior is predicated on affection. Elementary schools base anti-bullying curricula around altruistic concepts like love and kindness.

　　When it comes to helping kids manage relationships and tamp down aggression, “schools” and programs have almost exclusively focused on empathy promotion," Malti says. "I think it's incredibly important to nurture empathy but I think it's equally important to promote guilt.

　　IF you still find the idea of guilting your child unpalatable, keep in mind that we're talking about a very specific kind of guilt. This is not telling your child that her disobedience proves she's unworthy, or describing how painful it was to give birth to her. This is not pressuring your grown son or daughter to hurry up and have babies before you die. In short, this is not your grandmother's guilt-trip.

　　You don't want a child to feel bad about who she is (that's called shaming) or responsible for things outside her control (which can give rise to maladaptive or neurotic guilt; see the child who feels guilty for her parents' divorce). Malti points out that a child's age and disposition are also important considerations; some may be temperamentally guilt prone and require a lighter touch. The point is to encourage both goodness and resilience. We all make mistakes, and ideally we use them to propel ourselves toward better behavior.

　　Proper guilting connects the dots between your child's actions and an outcome without suggesting anything is wrong or bad about her-and focuses on how best to repair the harm she s caused In one fell swoop it inspires both guilt and empathy or what Martin

　　Hoffman, an emeritus professor at NYU known for his extensive work on empathy, has

　　termed empathy-based guilt. Indeed, you may already be guilting your child (in a healthy way!) without realizing it. As in: Look, your brother is crying because you just

　　threw his Beanie Boo in the toilet. Hopefully, the kid is moved to atone for her behavior.

　　and a parent might help her think through how to do that.

　　Work by Renee Patrick, a psychology professor at the University of Tampa, shows that it's important for parents to express themselves in a warm and loving way: a parent who seems chastising or rejecting can induce anxiety in a child, and do nothing to encourage healthy behavior. Patrick s work also shows that kids whose parents used a strategy intended to elicit "empathy based guilty" during their adolescence tended to see moral concepts like fairness and honesty as more central to their sense of themselves. (a related technique that' s been found effective in adolescents involves what Patrick calls "parental expression of disappointed expectations"--which is as harrowing as it sounds.)

　　Joan Grusec, a psychologist and researcher in parenting and children s development, and a colleague of Malti's at the University of Toronto, says it's important to make the what-you-can-do-about-it part a discussion between parent and child, instead of a sermon. Forcing a child to behave morally may prevent her from internalizing the lesson you're trying to impart. And, she says, such a conversation may work better "once everybody has simmered down, "rather than in the heat of a dispute. she points to research on what academics call reminiscence, which suggests that discussing a transgression after the fact may better help children understand what they did wrong.

　　Of course, knowing when to feel bad and what to do about it are things we could all benefit from. Malti's research may focus on kids, but guilt is a core human emotion-an inevitability for people of every age. And she believes that it has the potential to be especially helpful now, in a world that is growing more divided and atomized.

　　She argues that guilt may have the ability to bring us together, not despite but because of its focus on the self. The proposition is radical. What if the secret to treating one another better is thinking about ourselves not less, but more?

　　This article appears in the April 2018 print edition with the headline "How to Guilt-Trip Your Kids."

　　21. 【題干】Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _______.

　　【選項】

　　A.regulate a child's basic emotions

　　B.improve a child's intellectual ability

　　C.foster a child's moral development

　　D.intensify a child's positive feelings

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干“researchers”,“guilt”,“a good thing”關鍵詞定位到第一段最后一句，除此之外，提干中還有關鍵詞“because”, 判定該題屬于細節(jié)題中考查因果邏輯關系的題目，需要在原文中精準回文定位;原文中第一段最后一段明確出現(xiàn)了“This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt...a good thing.”根據(jù)代詞向前文指代的原則，題干中所問的原因就在上一句，由“Children aren't born knowing how to say 'I'm sorry', rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends----and their own conscience”，其中的“such statements appease parents and friends----and their own conscience”(該品質(zhì)能夠使父母/朋友和孩子自己都感覺更舒適)，such statements指代的即為“say sorry”或文章主題詞guilt, 縱觀四個選型，只有C選項foster a child's moral development(提高孩子的道德發(fā)展)可以實現(xiàn)同義替換，故為正確答案。其余選項A.regulate a child's basic emotions (管理孩子基本情緒)中的regulate原文未提及， B.improve a child's intellectual ability(改善孩子的智力)中intellectual ability原文未提及，而D.intensify a child's positive feelings(加強孩子的積極感覺)在原文中未提及，故排除。

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　　22. 【題干】According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _______.

　　【選項】

　　A.deceptive

　　B.burdensome

　　C.addictive

　　D.inexcusable

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一個典型的細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵信息 “paragraph 2, “ many people still consider guild to be”定位到第二段，最終鎖定對本段第二句話的理解，尤其關鍵的是對第二句話中破折號的理解，“it is deeply uncomfortable—it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. ” (這種感覺非常不舒服，就像穿著一件石頭做的夾克一樣), 對比所給四個選項，只有 B 項“burdensome”(負擔沉重的，繁重的)與原文表述一致，故為最佳答案。 A項“deceptive” (欺騙的) C項“addictive”(上癮的)以及D項“inexcusable” (不可原諒的)均與原文表述不一致，故排除。

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　　23. 【題干】Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _______.

　　【選項】

　　A.emotions are context-independent

　　B.emotions are socially constructive

　　C.emotional stability can benefit health

　　D.an emotion can play opposing roles

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一個典型的細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵信息“Vaish holds that …awareness that.” 定位本文的第二段“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking …can serve.”但是這句話是他的觀點句，也就是題干信息所在句，本句沒有答案，因此，根據(jù)線性思維，下文他又繼續(xù)補充到“adding that this revival is a psychology researcher…..in another ”(這種復興是更大的認識的一部分，即情緒不是二元情感，在一個情境中有利的情緒在另一個情境中可能是有害的)，對比四個選項，只有D“an emotion can play opposing roles”(情緒可以起到相反的作用)為最佳答案。A項“emotions are context-independent”(情緒與語境無關)與原文表述相反。B 項“emotions are socially constructive”(從社會角度講，情緒具有積極性)在文中沒有提及。C項“emotional stability can benefit health”(情緒穩(wěn)定有益與身體健康)在文中沒有提及，故排除。

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　　24. 【題干】Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.

　　【選項】

　　A.may help correct emotional deficiencies

　　B.can result from either sympathy or guilt

　　C.can bring about emotional satisfaction

　　D.may be the outcome of impulsive acts

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道人物觀點題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“Malti and others have shown 與cooperation and sharing.”回文定位到第四段第三句：“Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.” (馬爾蒂和其他人已經(jīng)表明，內(nèi)疚和同情可能代表了合作和分享的不同途徑。) 對比四個選項，只有B項 can result from either sympathy or guilt(要么歸因于同情，要么歸因于內(nèi)疚)與原文表述一致，故為正確選項。A項may help correct emotional deficiencies(可能有助于改正情感缺陷)與第四段第二句話… that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency(內(nèi)疚可能會彌補情感缺陷)不符。C項can bring about emotional satisfaction(能夠帶來情感上的滿足)并未提及。D項may be the outcome of impulsive acts (可能是沖動行為的結果) 與第四段第三句…which can rein in their nastier impulses(這可以控制他們更糟糕的沖動)因果倒置，故排除。

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　　25. 【題干】The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _______.

　　【選項】

　　A.teachings

　　B.discussions

　　C.restrictions

　　D.wrongdoings

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干要求定位到第五段第二句話“Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.”且位于主句的“transgressions”的前面出現(xiàn)to feel negative emotions，情感屬于消極貶義。對比四個選項，D項wrongdoings壞事，不道德的行為，屬于貶義詞，與其情感色彩一致，故為正確選項。A項teachings教導，屬于褒義詞。B項discussions討論，屬于中性詞。C項restrictions 限制;約束，屬于中性詞，故排除。

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　　閱讀B

　　Editorial Board

　　Using Forests to Fight Climate Change

　　Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

　　Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance, Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.

　　The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.

　　The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.

　　California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.

　　The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. Or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years.

　　State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they're focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.

　　To contact the senior editor responsible for Bloomberg View's editorials: David Shipley atdavidshipley@bloomberg.net

　　26. 【題干】By saying “one of the harder challenges ,”the author implies that_________.

　　【選項】

　　A.global climate change may get out of control

　　B.people may misunderstand global warming

　　C.extreme weather conditions may arise

　　D.forests may become a potential threat

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干信息詞定位到首段。第一句引出文章話題“在人類對抗氣候變化中，森林給我們帶來了一個更為艱巨的挑戰(zhàn)。”第二句指出人類正在威脅到森林吸收二氧化碳的能力。第三句“The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forest that emit more carbon than they absorb.”為本段的主題句，指出我們?nèi)祟愃�造成的氣候變化問題最終會使得森林排放更多的二氧化碳，而不是吸收。即森林可能會威脅氣候的惡化和人類的生存。故選擇D項“森林可能會變?yōu)橐粋�潛在威脅�！�。

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　　27. 【題干】To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks," we may need to__________.

　　【選項】

　　A.preserve the diversity of species in them

　　B.accelerate the growth of young trees

　　C.strike a balance among different plants

　　D.lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干要求定位到第二段。該段首句中的前半句there is a way out of this trap對應題干中To maintain forest as valuable “carbon sinks”,后半句提出具體的解決方法it involves striking a subtle balance(這需要達到一個微妙的平衡)，但并沒有說這個平衡是不同植被間的平衡，故不能據(jù)此選[C]strike a balance among different plants。緊接著第二句提到要達到這一目的可能需要reducing their (forests') capacity to absorb carbon now(降低他們(森林)現(xiàn)在吸收碳的能力)，由此可知正確答案應為[D]選項。

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　　28. 【題干】California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to_______.

　　【選項】

　　A.cultivate more drought-resistant trees

　　B.reduce the density of some of its forests

　　C.find more effective ways to kill insects

　　D.restore its forests quickly after wildfires

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】細節(jié)題做題的技巧是“準確定位和匹配”。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“Forest Carbon Plan”定位至第三段第一句話。題干中問題是“endeavor to”表示“努力做…”對應文章中“double efforts to”,因此答案在這個短語之后即“thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest”表示的意思是使“森林里部分小樹變稀疏，清理部分灌木”，這與選項C中的“reduce the density of some of its forests”即“降低森林的密度”一致。因此正確答案選C。

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　　29. 【題干】What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?

　　【選項】

　　A.To handle the areas in serious danger first.

　　B.To carry it out before the year of 2020.

　　C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.

　　D.To obtain enough financial support.

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】根據(jù)題目定位到第5段，題目What is essential to California's plan 中的essential可回文定位，對應原文中的so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought的vital，其后的prioritize對應選項中的handle…first，areas at greatest risk對應選項中的the areas in serious danger，故正確選項為A。

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　　30. 【題干】The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as________.

　　【選項】

　　A.ambiguous

　　B.tolerant

　　C.supportive

　　D.cautious

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“attitude”，可確定是態(tài)度題。做態(tài)度題的核心是把握明顯感情色彩的關鍵詞，即可快速得出答案。而在文章的最后一段，往往會出現(xiàn)本文的結論，容易出現(xiàn)感情色彩的關鍵詞。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句，California's plan, which is ……, should serve as a model (California的計劃應該能夠起到榜樣作用)，model是一個積極色彩的詞匯，所以答案選C supportive支持的。

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